A Brief Primer on Hazardous Waste Landfills
June 18, 2019
When it comes to hazardous waste disposal, the EPA encourages “source reduction” over landfills. In other words, the agency would prefer that you not generate the hazardous waste at all—or at least lessen its volume—so as to eliminate or reduce the need for hazardous waste removal in the first place.
Nonetheless, the realities of an industrial society dictate that hazardous wastes will be generated, and that sometimes such noxious byproducts need to be safely buried in the ground, as there is no effective way to render them safe. Thus: landfills.
Landfill locations
Landfills cannot be built in environmentally-sensitive areas. The parameters for what constitutes an “environmentally sensitive” area have broadened considerably since the establishment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1976. And this has commensurately narrowed the number of potential sites for accommodating hazardous material disposal.
Types of landfills
Generally, there are six kinds of landfills under EPA guidelines. Four are only briefly mentioned herein because they are ineligible for disposing hazardous waste. These are:
Industrial waste landfills for unwanted commercial and institutional byproducts, which are typically a significant portion of solid waste
Bioreactor landfills for transforming or degrading organic wastes rapidly
Construction and demolition debris landfills designed solely for materials such as concrete, wood, metals, glass, and similar salvaged building components
Coal combustion residual landfills for disposing and managing coal ash
The two that are specifically designed for hazardous waste removing are hazardous waste landfills and PCB landfills.
Hazardous waste landfills
Hazardous waste landfills are specifically excavated or engineered for non-liquid hazardous waste. They require double liners; double leachate collection and removal systems; leak detection safeguards, run-on, runoff, and wind-dispersal controls; and ongoing “quality assurance” monitoring.
Operators of hazardous waste landfills are also subject to more-stringent inspection, monitoring, and release response requirements than the afore mentioned categories.
PCB landfills
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been banned in the United States in 1979. But they exist in a lot of legacy equipment—particularly electrical transformers—that are now at end-of-life stages requiring hazardous waste disposing.
PCBs are extremely toxic; they’re not biodegradable; and they’re absorbed faster than they can be metabolized (or excreted) by animals and humans.
Incinerating PCBs generates such poisons as chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, which are even more toxic to humans, animals, and the environment than the PCBs themselves.
PCBs are regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act. While many PCB decontamination processes do not require EPA approval, some do. Thus, different landfill operators might be approved to conduct certain PCB waste management services while others might not.
The esoteric operations that PCB landfill operators might (or might not) be certified to perform include but are not limited to:
Using a surface sampling procedure (instead of the NACE Visual Standards) in the recycling of fluorescent light ballasts
Decontaminating PCBs from felt, paint, and metallic surfaces to less than 2 ppm
Employing a 10 percent terpene hydrocarbon decontamination fluid (instead of 100 percent) and a two-hour soaking process (in lieu of 15 hours) for PCB decontamination of natural gas pipelines
Using a washing/solvent distillation process for PCB decontamination of electrical equipment
Decontaminating uncoated concrete that has come into contact with PCB contaminated paper, rags, soil, floor dry, metal, or glass
The upshot
While the public perception of a landfill might simply be one of an odorous plot of land that accommodates garbage on the outskirts of town, they are actually very complicated scientific operations that are specialized across a number of discrete uses. This is especially true when it comes to hazardous waste disposal.
Any landfill operator you might approach in regard to your hazardous waste management should be thoroughly vetted relative to your type of operation and (particularly) the chemical characteristics of your waste.
As in all things involving the EPA, getting expert advice is crucial. For assistance with hazardous waste disposal and management for your business or institution, call Hazardous Waste Experts at (800) 936-2311.
The featured image used in this blog post is from Wikipedia Commons and can be found here.